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Transportation in Japan is modern and highly developed. Japan's transportation sector stands out for its energy efficiency: it uses less energy per person compared to other countries, thanks to a high share of rail transportation and low overall travel distances.〔( Phillip Y. Lipscy and Lee Schipper, "Energy Efficiency in the Japanese Transport Sector" ), 2013, ''Energy Policy'' 56:248–258〕 Transportation in Japan is also very expensive in international comparison, reflecting high tolls and taxes, particularly on automobile transport.〔( Phillip Y. Lipscy, "A Casualty of Political Transformation? The Politics of Japanese Energy Efficiency in the Transportation Sector" ), 2012. ''Journal of East Asian Studies'' 12:3〕 Japan's spending on roads has been large.〔( Japan's Road to Deep Deficit Is Paved With Public Works ), ''New York Times'' in 1997〕 The 1.2 million kilometers of paved road are the main means of transportation.〔(Chapter 9 Transport ), Statistical Handbook of Japan〕 Japan has left-hand traffic. A single network of high-speed, divided, limited-access toll roads connects major cities, which are operated by toll-collecting enterprises. Dozens of Japanese railway companies compete in regional and local passenger transportation markets; for instance, seven JR Group companies, Kintetsu Corporation, Seibu Railway, and Keio Corporation. Often, strategies of these enterprises contain real estate or department stores next to stations. Some 250 high-speed Shinkansen trains connect major cities. All trains are known for punctuality. There are 176 airports,〔() The CIA World Factbook〕 and the largest domestic airport, Haneda Airport, is Asia's busiest airport. The largest international gateways are Narita International Airport (Tokyo area), Kansai International Airport (Osaka/Kobe/Kyoto area), and Chūbu Centrair International Airport (Nagoya area). The largest ports include Nagoya Port. == Rail == In Japan, railways are a major means of passenger transportation, especially for mass and high-speed transport between major cities and for commuter transport in metropolitan areas. Seven Japan Railways Group companies, state-owned until 1987, cover most parts of Japan. There also are railway services operated by private rail companies, regional governments, and companies funded by both regional governments and private companies. Total railways of 27,182 km include several track gauges, the most common of which is narrow gauge, with 22,301 km of track of which 15,222 km is electrified.〔(The CIA World Factbook )〕 Fukuoka, Kobe, Kyoto, Nagoya, Osaka, Sapporo, Sendai, Tokyo, and Yokohama have subway systems. Most Japanese people traveled on foot until the later part of the 19th century. The first railway was built between Tokyo and Yokohama in 1872 and many more developed soon afterward. Japan, as we know it today, is home to one of the world's most developed transportation networks. Mass transportation is well developed in Japan, but the road system lags behind and is inadequate for the number of cars owned in Japan. This is often attributed to the fact that road construction is difficult in Japan because of its uniquely high population density, and the limited amount of available usable land for road construction. Shinkansen, or "bullet trains", as they are often known, are the high speed trains in Japan, which run on completely separate lines from their commuting train counterparts, with few exceptions. Shinkansen take up a large portion of the long distance travel in Japan, as about 250 Shinkansen trains operate daily, the fastest being the JR East E5 and E6 series trains, which operate at a maximum speed of . Shinkansen trains are known to be very punctual, following suit with all other Japanese transportation; in 2003, the average delay per train on the Tokaido Shinkansen was a mere 6 seconds.〔The Japan Times: ("Tokaido Shinkansen Line fetes 40 years" (2 October 2004) ). Retrieved on 27 April 2009.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Transport in Japan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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